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El SARS-CoV-2 podría desarrollar la resistencia, haciendo que las vacunas COVID-19 sean ineficaces
Al igual que las bacterias que desarrollan resistencia a los antibióticos, los virus pueden desarrollar resistencia a las vacunas, y la evolución del SARS-CoV-2 podría socavar la efectividad de las vacunas que se encuentran actualmente en desarrollo, según un artículo publicado hoy (9 de noviembre de 2020) en el revista de acceso abierto PLOS Biology por David Kennedy y Andrew Read de la Universidad Estatal de Pensilvania, EE. UU. Los autores también ofrecen recomendaciones a los desarrolladores de vacunas para minimizar la probabilidad de este resultado.
«Se necesita con urgencia una vacuna COVID-19 para salvar vidas y ayudar a la sociedad a volver a su estado normal previo a la pandemia», dijo David Kennedy, profesor asistente de biología. “Como hemos visto con otras enfermedades, como la neumonía, la evolución de la resistencia puede hacer que las vacunas sean rápidamente ineficaces. Al aprender de estos desafíos anteriores y al implementar este conocimiento durante el diseño de la vacuna, es posible que podamos maximizar el impacto a largo plazo de las vacunas COVID-19 «.
Los investigadores sugieren específicamente que las muestras estándar de sangre y de hisopos nasales tomadas durante los ensayos clínicos para cuantificar las respuestas de los individuos a la vacunación también pueden usarse para evaluar la probabilidad de que las vacunas que se están probando impulsen la evolución de la resistencia. Por ejemplo, el equipo propone que se pueden utilizar muestras de sangre para evaluar la redundancia de la protección inmunitaria generada por las vacunas candidatas midiendo los tipos y cantidades de anticuerpos y células T presentes.
“Al igual que la terapia de combinación de antibióticos retrasa la evolución de la resistencia a los antibióticos, las vacunas que están diseñadas para inducir una respuesta inmune redundante – o una en la que se alienta al sistema inmunológico a apuntar a múltiples sitios, llamados epítopos – en la superficie del virus, pueden retrasar la evolución de la resistencia a las vacunas ”, dijo Andrew Read, profesor de Biología y Entomología Evan Pugh y director de los Institutos Huck de Ciencias de la Vida. «Eso es porque el virus tendría que adquirir varias mutaciones, en lugar de una sola, para sobrevivir al ataque del sistema inmunológico del huésped».
Los investigadores también recomiendan que los hisopos nasales recolectados típicamente durante los ensayos clínicos se puedan usar para determinar el título viral, o la cantidad de virus presente, que puede considerarse un indicador del potencial de transmisión. Señalaron que suprimir fuertemente la transmisión del virus a través de huéspedes vacunados es clave para ralentizar la evolución de la resistencia, ya que minimiza las oportunidades de que surjan mutaciones y reduce las oportunidades de que la selección natural actúe sobre las mutaciones que surgen.
Además, el equipo sugiere que los datos genéticos adquiridos a través de hisopos nasales se pueden usar para examinar si se ha producido una selección impulsada por la vacuna.
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